How to care for an apple after planting. What drug to choose for spraying. Pruning an old apple tree.
With the arrival of spring, gardeners begin to visit their summer cottages. While the apple trees are sleeping, a lot needs to be done. The quality and quantity of the future harvest depends on their preparation for the upcoming season. Inexperienced gardeners should know how to care for apple trees in spring.The activities can be divided into two stages: the care of a young tree (up to 5 years old) and the fruiting tree. If mature apple trees need thorough care, mostly only in the autumn, then young, growing saplings need to be monitored more closely.
Temperature, which should be applied to seedlings: In the first days we will insist on the temperature regime for small seedlings rather persistently. At the optimum temperature and humidity of 70%, the seeds should germinate in 5-7 days. The temperature is very important, because at low temperatures the seeds germinate more and at higher temperatures the plants laugh earlier, but they are fierce and susceptible to disease.
Every day you have to push out the trays, lifting the foil, otherwise you will see on the substrate how mold will begin to develop. After planting, remove the foil from the trays. Now it is possible that, due to the dry air, the seed cuticle still holds the cotyledons or keeps them glued together. Spray the plants carefully and clean the seeds.
How to care for an apple tree
Caring for an apple tree in spring includes the following processes:
Whitewashing the apple tree
In late February, the sun begins to burn more strongly and can harm the smooth bark of young apple trees. Spring whitewashing can also protect against various peststhat begin to wake up from hibernation.
Thus, the energy of the plant is directed to the development of the roots and prevents seeding. Under normal care conditions, the first true leaves appear about 8–12 days after sunrise. The most common disease at this stage of plant growth is the fall of seedlings, favored by high temperature and humidity. Watering seedlings: Watering is always carried out moderately and with water at room temperature. If you can use rainwater or melted snow. Use tap water only after leaving it at room temperature for one day, salt deposits and evaporating chlorine.
It is easy to do it, but you still need knowledge and skills. White color reflects the sun rays well. Whitewashing protects the tree from strong summer overheating. Apple trees undergo this procedure regardless of age - both young and old.
For whitewashing, you can use your own prepared solution or purchased garden acrylic based paint. Most importantly, the composition was not thick.
Only wet when the substrate is wetted, 3-4 days. Water is gradually added to the tray and filled when absorbed by the substrate. Water should not stagnate in the tray, and it is also not recommended to pour rain with a sprinkler, which facilitates the appearance of fungal diseases.
Moisture for seedlings: if the air is too dry, as is often the case in heated radiators, place pallets or wet towels on the radiator. If the humidity is too high, quickly release the room without exposing the plants to cold air.
Reproduction of seedlings: that is, seedlings can be diluted only if the plants seem too frequent. This can be done in the same trays, but at long distances or in separate containers in order to provide sufficient space for food and more light. The larger the glass, the better.
The most popular way to make whitewash:
- lime - 300 grams;
- stationery glue - 2 tablespoons;
- water - 2 liters.
All ingredients are thoroughly stirred until smooth. You can add a little blue vitriol. Young apple trees are preferably whitened with chalk, because lime can harm them.
It is undesirable to whitewash too much, it can harm the tree. The weather must be dry, otherwise rain can wash away all the results of the work.
Replication occurs approximately 10 days after the appearance, more precisely, from the appearance of the first true leaves, and in the evening before the repulsion the substrate is well wet. Plants are carefully separated so as not to damage the roots. The same substrate as for planting is commercially available, or a mixture of 50% peat, 25% broth and 25% celery land, with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. After wiping the plants, they become wet and shade slightly, lowering the temperature to prevent wilting of the plants.
Nutrition of seedlings: As a rule, feeding begins when the plots change their home. In the first 2 weeks of life, seedlings need. Nitrogen; phosphorus; magnesium; potassium; calcium; sulfur. . For this, two weeks before planting in the garden, it is necessary to remove the seedlings for short periods first and then for longer periods. In principle, on the first day you pull out trays only 2-3 hours and in a shady place. Slowly expose plants to the sun, after 2-3 days, reaching half the day exposure to the sun.
Before whitewashing, they remove the old bark and process the wood with the help of an iron brush. Then begin to apply paint. This should be done carefully so that the solution is evenly distributed over the entire surface. This procedure should be carried out regularly, and the result will be a rich harvest and the absence of disease.
Winter injury treatment
In mid-March, after the snow melts, gardeners should carefully inspect the lower part of the trunk. At detection of traces from rodents, it is necessary to take urgent measures. If the damage is superficial, then enough cover them with garden pitch. For deep injuries, the bridge is grafted, applying the largest number of cuttings for this.
Try to place the seedlings in the eastern position, exposing them to the morning sun, softer than noonday. After a week, seedlings should be fairly common to resist the sun all day. In recent days, seedlings are left outside and at night, possibly protected by foil.
Big loads, more production
This is the time when plants can also be transplanted in the garden depending on the outdoor temperature. How do you get such an impressive culture, even when the weather is capricious? I have seven hectares of garden here, and 833 apple trees are planted on each hectare. This would be about 300 tons of apple orchard, even by the most pessimistic estimates.
In winter in cold weather, the bark of trees is often damaged. This can be found in the form brown spots, the damaged bark begins to burst and separate from the wood. In early spring, the edges of such bark are cut, and the cuts are covered with pitch.
With a slight injury, the wound will gradually heal. If the damage is strong, when the detachment is half or more than the diameter of the trunk, inoculate with a bridge. Cuttings are used from damaged wood or other frost-resistant varieties.
Production was achieved through higher labor and investment costs than usual. We struggled with problems that we knew better. Somewhere in June, hail amazes us, and this is what happened in the garden. For the latter, we were trained by having a system drip irrigation for all the trees. For a while, we pounded well, because without water you cannot make the trees bear fruit. But with all our help, there were still difficulties. This year it took more splashes, some of which were very expensive substances.
Most of the apple production reaches the farm's warehouse, which has a capacity of 120 tons and is already half full. Here, at a temperature of two to three degrees Celsius, fruit persists until May. Thus, the Lie apples are found all year round. Summer varieties are perishable.
Pruning apple trees
Pruning trees begin in March and continue until April. As a result, the correct pruning crown tree well ventilated, illuminated and it is convenient to harvest.
Young apple trees form a crown. Particular attention should be paid to strengthening the skeletal branches of the first and second order.
When pruning shoots are removedthat obscure previously formed branches from the sun and depart from the trunk at an acute angle. Between skeletal branches of the first order, the distance should be 40–70 centimeters. The branches of the second order are cut out in such a way that they remain looking sideways and slightly up.
Aydadul is a kind of apple that was first obtained in the United States from the intersection of the species Ionathan and Wagner. Today, varieties are not being created. Basically, you need a person's life to create diversity. You must learn in time how the tree behaves. Maybe you are pleased with what you have done, and only after 25 years to meet the environmental conditions for testing the variety that you have created. And then you could see that you did not get the expected results and that you need to go through all this.
You really have to love this job, love the trees to be so patient and dedicate your work to the garden. When you see that apples grow well in the garden, there is no reason to enjoy and not worry. You had to monitor the condition of the fruit buds. The process of differentiation of these fruit buds depends on the production in next year. Those who do not have such help, and may have more apples now and next year, collect almost nothing, says the engineer.
A tree above 4 meters is reduced in height. To determine the appropriate height of the tree, you need to climb the highest step stepladder and raise your hand up. This height is considered convenient for processing chemicals from pests and harvesting.
The possibility of achieving serious research results was demonstrated by the engineer Dragostina Brylescu since the end of the faculty. At that time, the draft license reduced half the time to dehydration. There are not many teachers who told her that the newspaper is a state diploma, but a doctoral degree. This does not mean that the engineer did not have to take it again and again, even from the position of a worker in the garden. Dragostina Brylescu transplanted him and set up a cold store. Now the trees entering the fruit - ten years. If it properly cares, the tree is born for 35 years or even 40 years.
After reducing the crown, it begins to thin out in such a way that there is a sufficient distance between the main branches, and the upper branches do not obscure the lower ones.
Some gardeners eliminate old apple trees to plant young early maturing varieties. If after all the hand does not rise on it, make the rejuvenating pruning. As a result, no more than 1/3 of the total weight of the crown is removed, otherwise the tree may die.
But this is only the case when the care continues. If you get a tree from your hand, you are unlikely to be able to get it back on the right path, ”engineer Dragostin Brylescu concludes. Spring is delayed this year, but people rushed to buy trees, chips, quite early. Who wants to plant a larger garden, start taking care of the past, one by one, buy a tree and distribute the pods, said Vitalia Koulitisene, director of the kindergarten Dembava.
Gardeners are happy to see how people want to choose fruit trees and shrubs. A few years ago, they were worried about the decline in demand for seedlings. However, seedling producers who have struggled for many years are more likely to notice a gardening trend. There are not many gardens in Lithuania, and Lithuanian production is not enough, so people want to grow it for themselves. In addition, there is no such thing in the world that it appears after such works as in your garden. Returning from work, walking in the garden, rubbing berries, planting a plant, and fatigue is gone, energy returns, - customers often open their nurseries.
This procedure is carried out in succession for three years, during which it is necessary shorten the skeletal branchesThis gives rise to the emergence of new shoots. They can give a good harvest. If a few years later, an old apple tree began to bear fruit, it means that such work was not in vain. But if after pruning the tree did not come to life, then it is time to change it to a young sapling.
More seedlings are bought after larger frosts. Some trees do not tolerate winter or suffer from rodents, so people are forced to replant them. Not quenching and exotic fruit trees. Fruit trees and shrubs are growing, many ornamental plants have been exported from Poland.
Usually in spring, seedlings are sold with bare roots. Undeclared trees are planted in pots. This growing technology allows people to grow seedlings not only in spring or autumn, but throughout the summer. Ana, a nursery specialist, and people choose exclusive expensive trees from traditional trees and shrubs ornamental plants. Beginners want to sow all the traditional fruit trees, not extinct and exotic - peaches, apricots. The latter, according to the leader of the kennel, left little this year, can rely.
Treating pests of trees
In spring, apple trees are processed in several stages.
The first treatment begins in March, until the buds are dismissed and active sap flow begins. At this time, cut the crowns and clean the trunks of the old bark, and also chemical spraying, process near-barrel soil and make whitewash.
Peaches are quite risky for growth. They are absorbed, but they cool down from the cold. Winter is good for apricots, we have two varieties. Apricots grow in the garden of Panevezys for 30 years, he said. AT small garden she advises planting low-lying obelites, as well as into wider, hemp or half-dead apple trees. Most often, trees are bought for their own needs, but another farmer buys more seedlings.
The most popular shrimps are currants, gooseberries. However, blackberries, blackberries, blackberries and raspberries are becoming increasingly popular. The latter are bought and planted for large areas. The repellent raspberry is growing. According to experts in gardening, they are well suited, not needed. You just need to cut the berries in early autumn, and in the spring - to fertilize.
In April, glue trap belts are installed on shtamb, which protect well against creeping pests. Belts should fit a tree very tightly, not allowing insects to crawl through. If you make a small ditch in front of a tree with water, then not a single crawling insect can reach the apple tree.
Agrasti and Currants are not picky to the ground. Peat, sandy or very hard clay soils are not suitable for agrotourism. They can not be grown in the shade fertilized by nitrogen fertilizers. Cranberries grow best and come together in various clusters and loamy loams, enjoying the sunny places.
Heilot require increased acidity. Fruits are harvested in the third year. Gardeners are advised to plant a tree with bare roots in rotting compost earth or throw away the surface of the earth, saturated with oxygen and humus, in a dug hole. Next spring, the young tree should be a trace element.
When buds are formed, it is necessary manually remove pests. Spraying is not recommended because of the possibility of harming insect pollinators. After flowering, the apple tree continues to care for. In the second half of May, the tree is sprayed against insects, which spoil the fruits and foliage.
Grafting apple trees
If a tree planted a few years ago has not yielded a harvest or the apples were small and tasteless, then the problem can be solved planting apple cuttings from another tree.
It is very important to use a large number of seedlings and prevent their overheating. For young trees it is necessary to tighten the rods so that the tops are not cut off. When the top of the tree grows to the desired height, it clings to it. The first two years of planting trees should not allow the tree to not consume energy, but grow. The first flowers must be collected. Next year, because of interest, you can leave one more ring, and in the third year it can already blossom and match. The most important thing is to grow a tree and then collect fruit.
If we let it go early, the fruit tree will be obsolete and will last only 5 years. Restoring it without special support will be difficult. Here the apple tree has to be about 20 years, - the gardener explained. The purpose of breeding is to properly form a fruit tree, regulate its growth, be consistent and improve the quality of fruit. By doing this, the crown of the desired shape can grow, which can maintain a high yield. The branches are stronger: it not only does not withstand fruit, but it is also stronger than frost or rain.
Vaccination solves two important problems:
- This method helps in a short period of time to get a fruit tree. No need to plant young apple trees and wait until they grow up and they can be harvested.
- It turns out a different type of varieties in a small area, thus saving space and money.
It is necessary to plant the apple tree correctly, otherwise even minor mistakes can cause irreparable harm to the tree.
They started this procedure in May, when the leaves had already blossomed and active sap flow began. The cutting has a lot of time to grow and get stronger, and if the grafting failed, you can manage to repeat it.
There are many ways of grafting. If you need to quickly turn one tree into another, so that a new plant grows in two years and you can get a harvest from it, use the following types of inoculations:
- In the split.
- Behind the bark.
Graft Splitting - the most common way. It is great for branches of different diameters. First, split the stock across or crosswise. It turns out split. It is necessary to insert several cuttings into it, making a long oblique cut on their bottom. This procedure is carried out very carefully, because with this method only one part of the grafted material comes into contact with the cambium.
Vaccination for bark - for this method, use the branches of large and medium diameter. At the site of the future vaccination, a branch of an apple tree is neatly cut down, keeping a stump with a small bevel. Then it is well cleaned.
In the lower part of the scion, which has several buds, make an oblique cut opposite the lower kidney, retreating 5 centimeters from the base of the kidney. Spread and cut with a knife the bark at the end of the stock. The graft is inserted into it with an oblique notch to the stock.
This method of vaccination is quite simple. In addition, the branches grafted in this way, take root better.
Top dressing apple trees
It is undesirable to do top dressing just scattering fertilizers on the surface. They can wash off with melt water or grass will pick them up. Also, manure should not be put on a snowy surface, the snow from this will melt very slowly.
Fertilizing apple trees in April, making holes around the perimeter of the crown with a depth of 20 centimeters. Handful complex granular fertilizer they fall asleep in each depression and from above they are covered with earth. The apple tree is provided with this feeding for 2–3 years.
You can additionally feed the tree, bringing in the trunk circle 5 buckets of humus or 500 grams of urea. This is necessary if the soil is heavily depleted, because the apple tree is completely lacking in fertilizers that have been brought into the planting pit.
If the crown is strongly depressed, at the beginning of flowering the apple tree is fertilized with the following composition: 300 grams of water, 1 kilogram of superphosphate, 300 grams of potassium sulfate and 10 liters of mullein dissolve in the barrel, leave for a week and water the trees.
At the end of May, the apple tree is fed again, not using nitrogen fertilizers anymore, but using more potassium and phosphorus. They accelerate the formation of flower buds, which increases the yield of the tree.
Especially in need of feeding one-year saplings need. In spring, young apple trees are fertilized several times at intervals of a fortnight. This helps them grow well and form a beautiful crown. Also apply complex fertilizing, containing all the necessary components for the full development of apple trees.
Watering, loosening and mulching
If the winter was of little snow, then, most likely, in the spring there will be little moisture in the soil. If spring is warm and without rain, then young trees and saplings are watered once in 4 days. Then, to prevent the formation of a crust on the soil, it is loosened.
The layer of mulch should not be thick, mice and harmful insects can build up in it. In addition, a thick layer may remain wet for a long time, as a result of which the bark will be undermined, which leads to infection of the apple with fungal diseases.
Protecting the apple tree against frost
In late spring, when the leaves have already blossomed, there may be frosts. If this is expected, you need the night before. spray apple crown from a hose so that water in a large number fell on all the leaves.
If possible, such a procedure is carried out until dawn. Freezing, water drops will give away their warmth to the leaves. But this method is effective only in calm weather. When the wind effect will be completely opposite. If the leaves have not yet dissolved, frost apple almost no fear.
Another way is that smoke out. It is necessary to drive a stake into the ground and put a pile of sawdust, peat, grass, foliage around it. Above a pile sprinkled with damp earth. In the evening before the frosts, the stake must be removed and the pile burned. The hole from the cola serves as a chimney.
Spring purchase and planting seedlings
Saplings buy with open root system. The soil should be ready for digging by this time. Moreover, if it has already thawed, it contains enough moisture, so necessary for young trees.
Seedlings can not be long without the ground, so the roots are wrapped in a damp cloth, put in a bag and stored in a dark cool room for no more than 4 days. Saplings with a closed root system are stored for a long time, several weeks, until they are planted. It is enough just to water the container with them.
Usually seedlings are planted before the buds bloom. In this case, they quickly take root and also quickly begin to grow. So that they do not hurt, seedlings need to be watered abundantly. The lack of moisture contributes to the formation of various diseases and slowing their growth.
Conclusion
If you follow all the listed recommendations, the result will come very quickly. Apple trees, regardless of the variety, feed, water, protect from pests, systematically pruned and insulated for the winter. If they are well cared for, the trees will have a beautiful healthy appearance and give a rich harvest.
Care for young apples is a preventive treatment against diseases and pests, watering and feeding. In the first year, top dressing is carried out with nitrogen fertilizers - in early spring (root), and in May and June two foliar ones. Top dressing is done as follows: take 2 tablespoons of urea and dilute in 10 liters of water, 15 liters of solution are consumed on one tree. Top root dressing is carried out using liquid fertilizers (sodium humate, effecton), 1 tablespoon of a solution is diluted in 10 l water. In subsequent years, before the start of fruiting, not counting the above-mentioned fertilizing, in September, with root phosphorus fertilizers, root dressing was carried out (2 tablespoons per 10 liters of water), and depending on its age, 20-30 liters of wood will be spent on 1 tree.
In between rows (until it reaches 5 years old) seedlings can be grown vegetable crops. The best crops are considered to be early cabbage, beans, early radish, peas, early low-growing tomatoes, physalis, beans. With systematic care for them (watering, weeding, loosening, feeding, processing), apple trees grow well and grow.
In no case do not sow such crops as corn or sunflower, because - because of them will occur shading, draining and depletion of the soil. When planting apple seedlings, the soil should be moderately moist. When rainfall in large quantities, loosening, to ensure air access, to the root system.
When leaving, around the apple trees with a crowbar make punctures (depth 30-40 cm), at the level of the ends of the side branches; in the absence of lateral branches, then from the trunk at a distance of 60 cm.
The soil is loosened with the help of the forks, by piercing to the depth of the horns (no need to turn the forks to the sides).
In hot weather, watering is done in the evening, by sprinkling, i.e. make a good washing of the tree. With such a soul, young apple trees develop crown, and are cleared of pests.
If there are hot sunny days watering is impossible, because it can contribute to the appearance of burns. Young tree apple (biennial) at a time watering 20-30 liters of water. The frequency of irrigation is determined depending on the weather. In hot weather, a week watered 1-2 times.
Top dressing
Top dressing within the trunk circle (the center is a stem, and the radius is the distance from the stem to the ends of the branches) is 60 cm from the stem. The feeding of fruiting apple trees is carried out 4 times per season.
First feeding fall at the end of April; about each fruit tree crumbles up to 6 buckets of humus or 500-600g of urea.
At the beginning of flowering held second dressing. In hot weather, when precipitation is low, it is necessary to give it in liquid form: 5 liters of bird droppings or 10 liters of slurry, 800 g of potassium sulphate and 1 kg of superphosphate are taken per barrel (200 liters). If necessary, bird droppings and liquid manure are replaced with 500 g of urea. After 1 week after thorough mixing, you can already feed the plants of apple trees.
About 40-50 liters of solution is consumed per fruit tree, that is, one such barrel of solution is enough for 4-5 trees. Before you carry out dressing, it is necessary to water the trees. After which they feed and water again. You can then and not doubt the reliability of feeding.
Third dressing carried out after flowering: 20 g of dry “Sodium HUMATE” (a small amount of water is poured into powder and thoroughly mixed) in a 200 liter of water is diluted with 1 kg of nitrophoska. On 1 apple tree spend 30l.
Fourth dressing to be produced after all the fruits have been collected: 300 g of sulfuric acid potassium and superphosphate are added to each apple tree. In case of rainy weather, manual fertilization is carried out, and in dry weather, it is diluted in water.
Good effect can be achieved with foliar dressings, urea fertilizer solution. Sprayed as follows: before flowering once and after flowering with an interval of 20 days twice: 2 tablespoons of urea is diluted in 10 liters of water. During spraying, the central trunk, all skeletal branches and leaves are moistened.
In addition, with an interval of 15 days, 1 to 2 foliar dressings are carried out with the help of trace elements (magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, molybdenum, zinc), some are found in complex mineral fertilizers. Wood ash gives a good effect. With such a top dressing, pour 1 cup of ash with hot water, after which this solution should be brought up to 10 liters, filter it, and then spray the trees.
In addition to potassium, ash contains calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements. Foliar nutrition is also prepared from mullein: 0.5 liters of liquid manure and 1 teaspoon of urea is diluted in 10 liters of water, filtered, and then sprayed with trees.
