The role of green space in the city. Types of green space

Planting trees and shrubs is one of the crucial steps in creating landscaping objects. In landscape gardening construction, landing works are carried out in strict accordance with the design and estimate documentation for the special landing drawings drawn up on the basis of the master plan and dendroproject (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. An example of a landing drawing for a part of the landscaping object.

With the help of planting drawings and statements of planting material determine the range of plants, their number, size and age, sources of production, planting sites, ways of carrying the project in nature, the size of planting pits and trenches, the need for plant-nutrient soil mixture for planting.

Sources of planting material are nurseries of tree and shrub ornamental species, forest nurseries in the suburban area, plantings from building sites intended for transfer to other landscaping objects, etc. Sources of planting material for landscaping are examined in advance, provides for the construction of entrances to the places of growing plants.

In accordance with the purpose of the object of landscaping or its planning element, planting material of various ages and sizes is used.

When creating forest arrays in large parks, forest parks, recreation areas, one-two-year-old seedlings and saplings of three to four years are used. Planting is carried out by means of forest crops with the help of tree-planting machines with the placement of plants, providing the mechanization of planting maintenance.

When creating groves, curtains, groups of plantings in gardens and parks, residential buildings, as well as lanes on the residential streets of small cities and towns, standard saplings of trees and shrubs are used at the age of 4-12 years.

When landscaping highways, community centers, areas use large-sized trees at the age of 15-20 years; landing is carried out in accordance with the project on strictly permanent seats. Planting technology should help maintain the plant in a physiologically active state and the rapid recovery of the body after planting in a new place. The best time for planting is spring and autumn, when the plants are in a natural non-individual state or in a state of reduced activity of the physiological processes of the plant organism. Planting work is carried out in stages for a certain period of time and is divided into work on the preparation of plants for transplantation in the nursery, associated with digging seedlings, their packaging, installation for transportation to objects; transplant work, including loading onto motor vehicles, transporting to landing sites, directly landing in pre-prepared landing pits, pits or trenches; work on post-plant care of plants during the period of survival, which lasts 2-3 years from the time of planting.

Of great importance for the normal functioning of plants after planting are the density of planting and the distance between trees and shrubs. In the project it is necessary to provide for planting plants in permanent places. The distances between plants in urban gardens and parks when planting in arrays should be 3.5-6 m. In the lanes on the streets, in the public gardens, in the residential area, trees are placed so that with the growth and development of their crowns could develop freely in space and do not oppress each other in adulthood; at the same time, wide-crown trees are recommended to be placed at a distance of 4-8 m, and narrow-crown - 2.5-5 m from each other. It is necessary to consider the norms of planting trees and shrubs per unit area of ​​the object, depending on its purpose, as well as the climatic conditions of the area. Modern standards of gardening provide for and consider the placement of 90-150 trees per 1 hectare of the green area of ​​the common object to be considered sufficient. The ratio of trees and shrubs averages 1: 7 - 1:10. All types of transplanted plants and the category of planting material require certain sizes of seats, depending on the size of the root systems of seedlings. Planting depth is essential for a variety of plant species.

Post-plant care for trees and shrubs is a system of measures aimed at restoring the vital functions of plants after transplantation and speeding up the process of adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Woody plants transplanted from nurseries to urban urbanized environment, find themselves in extremely adverse habitat conditions. They experience the effects of a variety of environmental factors - insufficient or excessive lighting due to shading or vice versa, being in the open, local winds or drafts, elevated air temperature as a result of asphalt heating, gas pollution, soil compaction. Measures for post-care care, first of all, should be aimed at restoring the plant body and eliminating the adverse effects of the external environment. The focus should be on caring for the root system of a plant by introducing growth stimulants into the zone of root systems simultaneously with irrigation. During the season, the plants must be watered 7-10 times depending on the weather. In dry and hot weather, along with irrigation, it is necessary to irrigate the aerial parts of plants, which helps to clean the leaves of dirt and increase the intensity of photosynthesis.

Weeding and loosening the surface around planted plants are important post-plant care measures. Loosening contributes to interrupting the rise of water through the capillaries of the soil from the root layer, enhancing the air and water permeability of the soil surface, and destroying weeds.

The period of survival of plants, the restoration of their life after transplantation for different types of plants can be different. Post-planting care should be aimed at reducing plant survival time; criterion survival is the formation of resistant shoots of plants, the growth of leaves, their juicy green color, the timeliness of plant entry into the rest period, the intensive growth of shoots in the next year, the ripening of their wood in autumn.

When caring for trees and shrubs at landscaping sites, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the air and soil environment. Mineral nutrition of plants, the use of biologically active chemicals, carrying out agrotechnical care, taking into account the peculiarities of crown growth and development of root systems, can improve the water and air regime and metabolism of plants, ensure their viable condition. Providing plants with the missing nutrients occurs due to the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers. Fertilizers are applied by surface spreading, in a focal way, in wells of 20–25 cm in depth, 4–5 cm in diameter, 3–5 pieces per 1 m2 of the surface, and also in the form of liquid mineral supplements.

In addition to fertilizing, they systematically irrigate and mulch, loosen pristvolnyh sites, and insulate root systems for the winter. These measures are used in the first years after planting as they adapt to new conditions.

Caring for the aboveground part of the plant consists in taking care of the trunk of the tree, pruning the branches and shoots of the plants in order to form the crown and improve it.

Preserving plantings in a viable state in an urbanized environment at various greening sites is one of the main tasks of organizing urban green economy. The solution to this problem is based on the development of rational methods of care and the introduction of advanced technologies. Agrotechnology of care for urban plantings should be differentiated, mobile, taking into account the biological and environmental requirements of plants on the basis of preliminary diagnosis of their qualitative state.

Construction and maintenance of lawns, flower beds and landscape structures

Cultural lawn  - This is an artificial turf cover created by growing various types of grass, mainly perennial cereal species. There are three types of cultivated lawns:

· Sports, staged at stadiums, racetracks, tennis courts, playgrounds for games;

· Special, arranged at the airfields, slopes of highways and railways, hydraulic structures;

· Decorative, created on objects of gardening - in gardens, parks, squares, boulevards, forest parks, on objects of residential and industrial building.

Decorative lawns are divided into parterny, ordinary or landscape, meadow or mixed, flowering.

Parterny lawns arrange for the foregrounds landscape gardening compositions, at the entrances to public places, around monuments, etc. Such a lawn is usually created from one or two types of grass, which form a uniform grass stand.

Ordinary landscape lawns  constitute the largest part of the turf cover of gardens and parks. The turf of such a lawn should be tearproof, resistant to damage. For the creation of such a lawn, cereal grasses with various types of tillering are applicable: rhizomatous, rylokustovye and rhizomatous rykhlokustoye. At the same time use a mixture of three to five types of herbs.

Meadow Lawns  they arrange parks and forest parks at large sites, as a rule, by improving existing grass stands of natural origin.

There are several ways to create lawns depending on their purpose:

· Sowing lawn grass seeds on the prepared surface;

· Hydroseeding - application of seeds to the prepared surface in the form of special solutions;

· Odnovka or layout roll sod on the prepared surface.

Flower beds  they are one of the main means of decorating squares, approaches to public buildings, entrances to landscaping objects, as well as the objects themselves - gardens, squares, boulevards. They are created on the principle of landscape or regular composition. Landscape flower compositions include flower groups, arrays, flowering lawns, usually created from perennial plants of various shapes and sizes. Flower beds of regular composition are parterres, stripes, flower beds, curbs, usually located on the streets, driveways, squares, and in public buildings.

Flower gardens as an effective method of landscaping can manifest themselves fully only if all the rules and regulations of agrotechnical plant cultivation are fulfilled. Of great importance are the ecological features of growing plants, as well as the soil and climatic conditions of the area.

Garden and park facilities and equipment are designed to create the most comfort for visitors during their stay at the facility, for the detailed improvement of individual, most interesting places, as well as for the decoration of green areas.

They should be as necessary as possible for visitors, comfortable and perfect in design and form, to complement or shade existing green spaces. Garden and park facilities and equipment are divided into:

· Small architectural forms - park utilitarian and engineering structures intended both for direct customer service and for decoration of the landscape gardening object and to reflect the expressiveness of the relief - features of the vertical planning of the territory;

· Water devices or hydraulic structures that perform an important function in the composition of a landscape gardening object with possible utilization;

· Garden and park equipment - elements of the facility utilitarian and artistic performance.

The structure of structures, the list of equipment, its rational placement depend on the size, purpose and planning features of the landscape gardening object. In city parks and gardens there are all kinds of buildings and equipment. On small objects, especially transit squares and boulevards, the simplest equipment is used: benches, urns, vases, lamps, watch booths, kiosks. In suitable recreation areas and forest parks, the same equipment is used as in urban parks, but made from waste wood raw materials, and it emphasizes the natural forest landscape well. Construction of buildings are carried out according to specially designed projects. According to the working drawings of the vertical layout of the object, ramps, retaining walls, and slopes are arranged. Currently widely used standard designs of buildings and equipment for which the production of prefabricated elements, easily assembled into finished products at the installation site. However, for park facilities and equipment, individual projects are also needed, creating their own unique appearance of the object.

Green spaces - one of the main elements of the landscape. The type of plantations is often determined by their functional task. For example, ordinary plantings (trees or shrubs) are used, as protection from winds in open spaces (you could see such along fields), to separate the yards of apartment buildings from the roads. Any landscape is very much decorated with alleys (ordinary landing on two sides of the road), they are usually created along the road at the entrance to the site and along the internal paths.

Green massifs are a group of trees that imitate the “forest zone”, their placement is advisable on large areas.

In the suburban and garden plots are much more likely to use hedges (well-branching shrubs). Their purpose is to distinguish between different areas of the site among themselves. Usually for such hedges use light-loving, frost-resistant decorative-flowering plants, densely planted in one row (less often two or several rows). These include various types of willows, silver goof, buckthorn buckthorn, spruce (European and prickly), Thunberg barberry, Kamchatka shrub, shiny cotoneaster, hawthorn, white, Japanese.

An interesting and functional use of hedges - bosquets. Bosket are dense plantings of bushes or trees that form solid green walls, they can form spaces closed around the perimeter (“cabinet”), or a dense group of trees or shrubs on the lawn in an open area (“artificial grove”). Such plantings are formed by regular pruning, so that the walls of the “cabinet” take a completely flat shape.

Soliter - single planting of plants, which give the corner of the garden individuality and expressiveness. Each of these plants receives a maximum of light and free space, and therefore the trunk from below will be less exposed (to lose the lower branches and leaves, as it happens in arrays). His crown will be the most developed, sprawling and has more chances to show his natural beauty. A single tree or shrub attracts views, takes the accent, and therefore the most ornamental plants are chosen as a tapeworm.

  - decoration of vertical surfaces (walls of houses, arches, arbors, pillars and other vertical building elements) with the help of green spaces. As a rule, lianas are used, both annual and perennial. The most common rastanriya, which, probably, everyone saw is a girl's grape, hops, clematis.

It should be remembered that all plants require certain conditions for growth and, with improper care, lose all decorative value.

Returning to the previous topic, it is worth noting that the most important point in the development of landscape design and the selection of green spaces is the forecast of the dynamics of the development of garden vegetation. It is necessary to have an idea how trees and shrubs change and grow over a certain time period. How durable these or other plants are, this is especially important in creating landscape groups.

Most often, problems with the garden area arise after several years, when the trees and shrubs grow up, I begin to create shading each other or planted near the flower and berry crops. Therefore, when planning a site, it is necessary to imagine how the vegetation will look on it, say, in 10-15 years.

As a rule, for planting use large-sized planting material. Those. already podroschennye instances of plants. In one group, plants are selected with approximately the same growth rate so that the development of this landscape ensemble occurs evenly.

An essential design element is the crown of trees and shrubs. It can be natural, dictated by natural conditions, and artificial (created by regular pruning). It should be noted that, depending on the type of plants, the crown may be very dense (good branching), for example, in oak, ash, or elm, or delicate, like willow, ash, larch. Such a crown skips a certain amount of light and creates a slight shading. Although the density of the crown depends on the lighting - the more sun, the thicker the crown.

Trees and shrubs with an openwork crown, especially a weeping form, are most often used in solitary (single plantings), otherwise they lose their attractiveness.

The shape of the crown can be sprawling, creeping or weeping, oval, pyramidal. The option of crown formation depends largely on the type of plant and light intensity.

This topic is very serious, it is worth considering it separately and in more detail. However, there is another kind of gardening that can effortlessly give your garden a noble and well-groomed look in just one season - this is a lawn.

  - grounds covered with a thick ground cover layer of perennial herbaceous plants. Lawns can be created in almost any place - light and shaded. They ennoble the most unpresentable corners of the garden, do not allow the weeds to grow and have an extremely favorable effect on humans, and they are pleasing to the eye and are saturated with oxygen. Another advantage of lawns is the cooling effect. On hot summer days, any covering - paving stone, sand, stone paths, and just open ground keep a much higher temperature than lawns.

The most popular landscape gardening lawns are specially selected mixtures of such herbs as red fescue, meadow grass, white meadow, grassland ryegrass. All lawn grasses have a strong root system (forming turf), good tillering and short stature.

Sports lawns must be resistant to trampling, and therefore require some preparation before sowing the grass mixture. At a depth of about 50 cm under the platform for a sports lawn make a continuous layer of drainage of fine gravel or gravel. Then the sand cushion is laid with a height of 7-10 cm, and then the upper fertile layer of the earth is 15-20 cm.

The prepared substrate should settle and lay down, to compact the top layer of the earth using a lightweight manual roller. On the arrangement of the site under the sports lawn takes several weeks. The soil should be so dense that when walking on it there were no depressions from the tracks. When these properties are reached, the soil is ready for planting. Rakes loosen the top 2 cm of soil and sow grass mixture. Then level with a rake and re-compaction roller. In the absence of rain, crops are sown daily, in the evening they are watered using a spray bottle.

Evgenia Gorchakova

Green plantings in the city and in the country, characterized by a huge variety, perform a variety of functions depending on their purpose. Before planting plants in the city or in the country, it is necessary to study their main varieties, functions and roles.

The trees of the parks protect from the scorching sun, purify the air and decorate the paths of the avenues.

Types of green space

For greenery include any combination of grasses, trees and shrubs, located on the same territory. Planting can be carried out with different purposes, so there are several types of greenery, depending on their purpose:

• parks in the city - a collection of a large number of plants and several structures, designed for recreation and walks;
• stadiums include a large number of facilities, including those intended for various sports or outdoor activities;
• children's parks usually have a smaller area and are intended for recreation of children;
• botanical gardens are not only places for recreation, but also for research;
• amusement parks include a large number of entertainment complexes, located among the plantings of trees and shrubs;
• parks, museums are a place of rest and placement of various objects of art (sculptures, stones, models);
• plantings in the city - planting trees and shrubs near the carriageway and buildings that protect from noise and dust;
• boulevards are located near embankments, residential streets and are plantations with a fairly large width and length;
• squares are usually planting, occupying a small area;
• urban gardens are created to rest urban residents.

Separately, it is necessary to highlight green landings in the courtyards of residential buildings, which make the air in the apartments cleaner, and are also excellent places for recreation for children and adults. All green spaces can be divided into suburban and intracity. Plantings of the first type are created with regard to the further development of cities, often include household objects (nursery, farm). Often, plantings are located around the entire city, clearing the air and allowing residents to relax in nature. Many of these types of landscaping perform similar functions.

Assignment of green space

Based on the purpose, the classification of green landings includes the following types: general use, limited use and special purpose. The first group includes aggregates of plants intended for any resident of the city: a recreation park, an amusement park, a nature reserve, a park, a boulevard, a park museum, and other publicly accessible landscaping sites. In such places, various kinds of social events, rallies, celebrations, contests, city events, sports activities, political events are often held. In addition, common green spaces protect the air from dust and other harmful substances, make it possible to hide from strong sunlight, make city streets more beautiful and pleasant for walking.

Trees along the route "absorb" harmful substances, protect cars from strong and sudden gusts of wind.

Green spaces, the use of which is limited, are usually located on the territory of any institutions, including schools, kindergartens, hospitals, sanatoriums, sports complexes, closed courtyards or neighborhoods, clubs, research institutes. In such places, physical education classes are often held, and places of recreation, games, or treatment are organized.

Special-purpose green areas include areas located near factory and industrial buildings, highways, nurseries, gardens to protect the city from the adverse effects of harmful substances emitted during production, vehicle exhaust gases, to perform fire-fighting or reclamation function.

Plant varieties and types of green plantations depend on the specific purpose of planting. Thanks to special green spaces, the impact of harmful substances is significantly reduced, water bodies evaporate not so much, strong wind becomes less dangerous, sand and snow storms become less dangerous, and fire, noise and smoke do not spread. Often these plantings become a beautiful and useful part of the overall landscape.

A competent choice of types of green plantings for each locality, their combination and care can significantly improve the condition of plantings and their durability.

Classification of urban green spaces allows you to understand how the city is protected from the harmful effects and landscaped for recreation. The degree of greening of the city is calculated based on the number of public green spaces. Favorable for living is considered a city in which about 25 m 2 of plantings fall on each inhabitant.

Green space functions

Designate the main role of green space is very difficult, because they perform a huge number of useful functions. Microclimatic conditions in residential buildings and around them are significantly improved due to greenery. In school yards and children's parks, children can play outdoors with each other, play sports, which has a beneficial effect on their development. Thanks to the green spaces, city streets are protected from noise and dirt coming from industrial enterprises. Around the roads the air becomes cleaner.

Particular attention is paid to green spaces of common use, since their number should be strictly proportional to the number of inhabitants of a particular area. In addition, such landings should be evenly distributed throughout the city. Plantings are created taking into account the location of residential buildings, so that every resident of the city will have the opportunity to relax among the trees and other plants.

In addition to the sanitary function, aesthetic is also of considerable importance, because nothing adorns the city streets like green trees, grass and bushes. Near office buildings, trees are often intentionally planted in order to allow workers to take a break from the office, to spend time among the greenery. This contributes to improving well-being and improving human performance.

Thanks to the landings, the humidity of the air becomes more optimal, the noise becomes much less. To protect against the release of harmful gases, usually special species of trees resistant to this kind of pollution are used. These trees include willows, oaks, aspens, maples, and apple trees. The strength and direction of the wind can also be adjusted by means of landings, which should be massive enough to protect residential buildings.

There are many phytoncidal tree and shrub species that destroy harmful bacteria or stop their spread and growth. Green landings play an important role when planning the city, because with their help it is possible to separate different areas from each other.

Often, the architectural planning of the quarter takes into account plantings that can organically fit into it. Greenery near the sports grounds allows you to improve your well-being, because the air becomes saturated with oxygen.

If you competently combine decorative and ecological functions of green space, the city will become favorable for living, and the air will always be fresh and clean.

Farmlands

Surround yourself with beautiful and useful trees not only want residents of cities, but also the owners of country houses. Green planting is the basis of the landscape of any area. For a competent garden creation, it is necessary to foresee its general scheme in advance in order to take into account the type of soil, the degree of illumination and humidity of each plot, because not all plants are unpretentious in such matters.

Particular attention should be paid to trees, usually their planting is carried out primarily after the purchase of the site, because it must pass several years before the tree gains growth and beauty. The stronger the trees become, the less they require maintenance, which is very convenient for residents of a country house. Of course, most often, preference is given to fruitful tree species, because they not only look beautiful during flowering, but also benefit. However, there are a number of species often used to decorate open space: juniper, pine, linden, fir, oak. Pick up tree species should be based on the size of the territory that you plan to plant on trees. It should be borne in mind that after years the trees will significantly increase their size, so there should not be any wires nearby that they can touch. For the same reason, you should not plant large species of trees too close to each other. Even a single tree will look very nice on the site.

Shrubs are very popular with homeowners. Many use them as a hedge or as a means of identifying different zones on the site. Shrubs require a little more care, since you want to form a crown of the desired shape, so that they do not grow chaotically. Often, shrubs are used simply as part of the decor; roses, hydrangeas, and philadelphus do an excellent job with this feature.

Wherever plantings are created, they necessarily become an integral part of the landscape, which purifies the air, eliminates noise and becomes a wonderful decoration of a city or country landscape.

Territory preparation.  The territory on which the creation of green spaces is planned should be cleared of debris, remnants of building materials. Fine organic garbage (sawdust, shavings, leaves) can be mixed with vegetable soil. Trees and shrubs suitable for transplanting should be excavated for further use. Conserved vegetation (trees, bushes, lawn) must be protected from damage: fencing, tying tree trunks, tying crown of shrubs, cutting and storing grass with further care (shading and watering). Vertical planning of the territory, engineering and planning work must be completed before the start of landings. A breakdown of the seats should be carried out in accordance with the planting landscaping drawing and landing list.

Soil preparation.  The project of vertical planning determines the amount of plant land required for filling the planting pits when planting plants and creating a fertile layer of soil when making lawns. The suitability of vegetable soil for landscaping should be established by laboratory tests: soil density from 0.9 to 1.2 g / cm2, the content of a sufficient amount of nutrients, the absence of weeds and debris. The soils found on urban landscaping can be divided into 5 groups:

1. natural fertile soil that does not require the addition of plant land,
2. soils that need to add vegetable land up to 25% of the volume (lawn base layer - at least 10 cm)
3. soils that need to add vegetable land up to 50% of the volume (lawn base layer - at least 15 cm)
4. soils that require the addition of plant land to 75% of the volume (lawn base layer - 20 cm)
5. soils that need to be completely replaced (20 cm lawn base layer, while the average need for plant land is 2.0 thousand m3 per hectare of the greened area)

Improvement or restoration of soil fertility in areas designated for landscaping should be provided in each case with a specific project. To improve the mechanical composition of vegetable soil, various additives are added: sand, peat, lime, etc. To improve the fertility of vegetable soil, organic and mineral fertilizers are applied. Application rates of mineral fertilizers should be determined
  fertility of existing soils and their type. Mineral fertilizers should be balanced in composition; since the more nitrogen is contained in the soil, the more phosphorus and potassium must be, otherwise they will be inaccessible to plants. The effect of nitrogen fertilizers lasts for 3-4 years, phosphate and potash fertilizers - 5-8 years.

Soil acidity is important, since different plant species have different attitudes towards it. Most deciduous plants prefer the weakly acidic reaction of the medium (pH = 5.6-6.4); conifers - medium acid (pH = 4.6).

In case of possible flooding of green spaces, a drainage device is necessary. It is forbidden to use pure peat as vegetable soil.

Soil salinity with chlorides as a result of the use of anti-icing agents should not exceed 7 mg / 100 g of soil (0.007%).

Seat preparation. The dimensions of the seats are set depending on the size of the root systems in accordance with the technical specifications. Pits and trenches for planting trees and shrubs should be dug in advance (at least 2-3 hours before planting).

It is recommended to prepare the pits intended for winter planting of large-scale planting material with a frozen lump in advance: in autumn or at the beginning of winter.

Pits for trees-seedlings make round in cross section and cylindrical in volume. The walls of the pits should be steep. When digging holes and trenches, as well as trenches, the upper layer of soil is folded in one direction, and the lower layers - in the opposite direction.

To create hedges prepare trenches (grooves) with a depth of 0.5-0.6 m at a distance of not less than 0.8-1.0 m from the outer edge of the alley, fence or the border of the greened area. On average, 1 rm. Meter trenches are planted 3-4 bush. The trenches under the hedge are covered with vegetable land at 3/4 of the volume, the rest of the land is stored nearby.

For planting shrubs in groups should create a common pit, which is completely filled with vegetable land with a margin of sludge.

The bottom of the pits, trenches, trenches is recommended to be loosened before backfilling in order to improve the contact of the filled land with the subsoil horizons. With a high level of groundwater standing (over 1.5 m), the depth of the seats should be increased by an average of 20 cm, and a layer of sand and gravel or fine crushed stone should be poured by this amount for the purpose of drainage. As sand, coarse sand is applicable, and crushed stone - broken brick, fragments of granite. Gravel fractions should be between 2-4 cm.

For planting vines (vertical gardening), trenches or individual pits are dug along the planting line, receding from pillars or walls of 0.3-0.4 m. Fill the seats with loose vegetable earth with the addition of humus or compost and mineral fertilizers. If it is impossible to plant vines into the ground (proximity of underground utilities, basements, etc.), special boxes should be made not less than 0.5 m wide and 0.4-0.5 m deep with a drainage device for water flow.

Requirements for planting material.Planting material for trees and shrubs for landscaping should meet the requirements established by the state standard (GOST 24909-81 with changes from 01/01/88, GOST 25-769-83 with changes from 01/01/89, GOST 26869-86).

Saplings used for landscaping populated areas should have a symmetrical crown, straight shtamb, a healthy, well-developed root system, the absence of mechanical damage, as well as signs of disease and pests. Currently, the most preferred seedlings with a closed root system. The use of planting material from forest plantations and forestry is prohibited. When using seedlings from other regions and regions, each batch of plants must be accompanied by a certificate of the State Plant Quarantine Inspection (quarantine certificate).

The height of the seedlings is measured from the root collar to the apical bud, and the height of the trunk is from the root collar to the lower skeletal branch; The stem diameter is measured at a height of 1.3 m from the root collar.

Planting trees and shrubs. The best time for planting is spring or autumn.

Saplings with an open root system are planted in spring and autumn, when the plants are in a state of natural rest. Spring planting is carried out from the moment of irrigation and warming of the soil until the beginning of the growing season of the plant (budding). Autumn plantings begin from the moment of the mass abscission of leaves (leaf fall) until the onset of sustained frosts. Conifers take root better in spring (March - April) or early autumn planting (August - early September).

Planting plants with a closed root system can be carried out throughout the growing season. When planting plants during the growing season should observe the following requirements:

• landing is best done on cool cloudy days or in the morning and evening hours of the day;
• plants after planting need to pritenyat and regularly water

Summer trees are not transplanted at temperatures above + 25 ° C. Planting trees and shrubs with a frozen lump in winter is allowed at a temperature not lower than -15 ° C.

You can not plant trees near utilities. Water and sewer pipes due to high humidity easily overgrown with roots and wear out quickly. Therefore, it is better if these communications are located outside the crown projection of plants.

It is not recommended to plant lindens, Norway maple, common lilac and Hungarian maple, honeysuckle Tatar near heating mains. At a distance of 1–2 m from the heating main, it is possible to plant elm, yellow acacia, common hawthorn, cotoneaster; 3 - 4 m - balsam poplar, Derain; 4 - 5 m - Siberian larch, English oak, lilac, more than 6 m - fluffy birch, small-leaved linden.

Trees and shrubs should be planted in accordance with existing rules and regulations in construction, in particular, the distances from the walls of the building and various structures to the planting site are regulated.

Notes:
   1. The above standards apply to trees with a crown diameter of not more than 5 m and should be accordingly increased for trees of larger diameter.
   2. When planting trees and shrubs at the outer walls of buildings, structures, childcare facilities, it is necessary to comply with the standard levels of insolation and natural lighting.

Plant care after planting. After planting, saplings of trees and shrubs are abundantly watered, based on the existing irrigation norms that ensure the saturation of the root layer with moisture to the optimum humidity - up to 60% of the total field capacity. For a bush-sapling of Z-4 years: 5-10 liters; for a tree aged 6-10 years: 30-40 liters per plant. After watering, the plants are corrected strictly vertically, the resulting drawdowns and "scour" are eliminated by adding soil, followed by light compaction.

After watering and the "mandrel" of seedlings, the surface of the hole is "mulched" in order to reduce the evaporation process and preserve moisture in the root-layer. As mulch, a peat compost or chopped bark of woody plants (pines) is used in a layer of 5-6 cm. Later, during spring, summer, autumn, tree trunks should be constantly loosened to a depth of no more than 5-6 cm. This helps to eliminate excessive evaporation. moisture from the root layer of soil and improve the water and air permeability of the soil. Periodically it is recommended to pour the vegetable earth in a mixture with a peat layer of 4-6 cm.

Along with irrigation, the above-ground parts of plants should be irrigated by atomizingly spraying the leaves with water (at a consumption rate of 2 l / m2 of leaf surface). Coniferous plants are washed in the spring the next year after planting in order to wash away the accumulated dust and dirt.

Sanitary and hygienic functions of green space

Green planting cleans the city air from dust and gases. This process is as follows. Contaminated airflow, which meets the green massif on its way, slows down the speed, resulting in 60-70% of the dust contained in the air under the influence of gravity deposited on trees and shrubs. A certain amount of dust falls out of the air stream, bumping into trunks, branches, leaves. Much of the dust accumulates on the surface of leaves, needles, twigs, trunks. During rain, this dust is washed off to the ground.
  Under the green areas due to temperature differences, downward air flows occur, which also carry dust to the ground.
  The spread and movement of dust is hindered not only by trees and shrubs, but also by lawns, which retard the movement of dust, driven by wind from different places.
  Among green plantings, the dustiness of the air is 2-3 times less than in open urban areas. Tree plantings reduce the dustiness of the air, even in the absence of leaf cover. In the depths of the green massif, at a distance of 250 m from its edge, the dust content decreases 2.5 times.
  The dust holding properties of various species of trees and shrubs are not the same and depend on the morphological characteristics of the leaves. Best of all, dust is retained by rough leaves and leaves, the surface of which is covered with villi like those of lilacs.
  If you take the amount of dust retained by 1 cm2 of the poplar leaf surface for 1, then the amount of dust held by the same maple leaves of Norway leaves will be 2, lilac 3, elm 6. The dust settled on the leaves is periodically washed off by rain, blown away by the wind, and the leaves again able to trap dust.

2. Gas protection role of green space

Green areas significantly reduce the harmful concentration of airborne gases. For example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides emitted by industrial enterprises decreases at a distance of 1 km from the place of emission to 0.7 mg / m3, and in the presence of greenery, to 0.13 mg / m3. Harmful gases are absorbed by plants, and solid particles of aerosols are deposited on the leaves, trunks and branches of plants.
  Green areas located in the flow of polluted air break the initial concentrated flow into different directions. Thus, emissions are diluted with clean air, and their concentration in the air decreases.
  It should be noted that the gas protective role of green space is largely determined by the degree of their gas resistance.
  By slabopovrezhdaemym species include elm (rough and smooth), fir barbed, willow tree, maple yasenelisty, aspen, poplar (Berlin, balsamic, Canadian, and black), Siberian apple, acacia yellow, hawthorn Siberian cherry wild viburnum pine, black currant common lilac; warty birch, Engelman spruce, Siberian larch, European rowan, basket willow, Tatar maple, etc. are moderately damaged. Plants with increased photosynthetic intensity are less resistant to gases. Of the grasses, meadow fescue is the most resistant to gases, the smallest is white fenders. Top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers, as well as liming, which improve the water regime of the soil, markedly increase the resistance of plants to gases.
  A special feature of green space is also the fact that they, as a result of photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. On average, 1 ha of green space absorbs 8 liters of carbon dioxide in 1 hour (that is, as much as carbon dioxide is released during this time 200 people). Different breeds of trees and shrubs have a different intensity of photosynthesis and therefore emit different amounts of oxygen. A tree with a larger deciduous mass produces more oxygen.
  The effect of green space on reducing the concentration of gases in the air depends on the density of their planting. Observations have shown that among dense, wind-blown plantations of trees and shrubs, located near the sources of dust and gases in the atmosphere, air stagnates, resulting in pockets of increased concentrations of atmospheric pollution. Therefore, near the emission sources should be created well-blown plantings in group openwork plantings.
Green areas can protect a building from dust and gases only if they are located between the source of pollution and the building.

3. The windproof role of green space

In the practice of design, it is often necessary to protect urban buildings from adverse winds. In this case, protective stripes of green plantings are arranged across the main wind flow.
  The movement of air reduces the effective temperature, which refers to the human heat sensation in a certain state of the atmosphere. For example, air saturated with moisture at a temperature of 20 ° C and a wind speed of 3 m / s is equivalent in heat sensation to still air at a temperature of 14 ° C. The protective role of strips of green plantings is determined by their density and location, as well as the type of building. Even the relatively small height and density of planting green areas have windproof properties.
  The windproof effect of a narrow green strip consisting of eight rows of trees 15-17 m high is noted at a distance of 300-600 m. In this zone, the wind speed is 25-30% of the original.
  It has been established that to reduce wind speeds, the presence of green stripes 20-30 m wide placed at certain distances from each other is sufficient. In the depths of the forest, at a distance of 120-240 m, full calm occurs. The most effective are the openwork protective bands that allow up to 40% of the wind of the entire flow through. Small gaps are allowed among the green lanes for passage and passages, which practically do not reduce the windproof properties of the green spaces.
  With a large value of the protected area on it evenly arrange landing openwork configuration so that they are across the wind flow, which contributes to a uniform decrease in wind speed throughout the site.

4. Phytoncide action of green spaces

Most plants emit volatile and nonvolatile substances - phytoncides that have the ability to kill harmful bacteria or inhibit their development. For example, phytoncides of oak foliage destroy the causative agent of dysentery. Among the clearly pronounced phytoncide trees and shrubs are birch, oak, poplar, bird cherry. More than 500 species of trees with phytoncidal properties are known.
Especially many volatile produce conifers; 1 ha of juniper produces 30 kg of volatile matter per day. A large number of volatile production (20-25 kg) produce pine and spruce. Due to the ability of plants to emit phytoncides, the air of parks contains 200 times less bacteria than street air.

4. Effect of plantations on thermal conditions

The air temperature among green spaces, especially in hot weather, is much lower than in open places. Green plantings, protecting the soil and the surfaces of the walls of buildings from direct sunlight, protect them from strong overheating and thus from an increase in air temperature. For example, the air temperature in Moscow over the lawn is 4 ° C lower than over the asphalt pavement. The air temperature inside the green area is on average 2-3 ° C lower than within the city block.
  The temperature of the forest soil is usually below ambient temperature.
  Most effectively reduce the temperature of a plant with large leaves, which reflect a significant portion of energy without absorbing and thus contribute to reducing the amount of solar energy.
   On the greened territory, leaves are mainly heated by the upper part of the trees and shrubs, as well as lawns.
  The highest air temperatures are typical for the central parts of the city, which have a high density of buildings and extensive surfaces of streets and squares with asphalt or other hard surfaces. The larger the city, the greater the difference in air temperature in the city in open areas and in green areas.
  A mitigating effect on the summer temperature regime of greenery is also exerted on the nearest (within 100 m) territory of the city. It was found that within a radius of up to 100 m near the green massif the air temperature is 1–1.5 ° C lower than at open places remote from the massif. This is due to the increased circulation of air masses near green spaces. The warmer air in the open insolated area rises, and in its place comes colder from the neighboring green areas.
  Green areas have a great influence on the improvement of the radiation regime in the city. The total radiation voltage (direct and scattered) in an open urban area on sunny days can reach large values, and among the green spaces of the city, this voltage decreases by a factor of 7.
The degree of mitigation of the radiation regime in green areas compared with open spaces is influenced by the size of the green area, as well as the density of tree and shrub plantings. Small areas of greenery and rare tree planting slightly reduce the air temperature. The difference in air temperature among such plantations and in areas devoid of greenery is extremely insignificant.
  The effectiveness of green space on the level of solar radiation is expressed not so much in the absolute value of the radiation temperature, as in the value of the radiation-temperature difference between the shaded green plantings and areas open to the sun.
  It should be borne in mind that the mitigating effect of green space on the radiation regime is manifested only if the area is ventilated. On lawns, surrounded on all sides by high and dense plantings, as well as on wide lanes, where the distance between tree species does not exceed the double height of trees, i.e. in cases where there are obstacles to air movement, the temperature can be much higher than open ground.
  In glades in the park or in the forest, in large cutting areas and even glades, where the distance between tree species exceeds two tree heights, there is a contrasting microclimate characterized by hot spots during the daytime and by cold lakes at night. This feature is explained by the fact that during the day a large amount of solar energy comes to these places in conditions of better transparency and less dustiness in comparison with the open air exchange place. At night, due to the same reasons, energetic heat radiation occurs with strong cooling of air and soil, which is often accompanied by the loss of dew.
  In the cold season, the surface of the tree trunks keeps the temperature. This circumstance with a certain completeness of tree plantations should have a moderating effect on the winter microclimate, especially in connection with the attenuation of the wind in green areas.
  The walls of buildings, strongly heated by sunlight, emit significant amounts of heat and sharply increase the radiation temperature near them: at a distance of 3-4 m, it reaches 60-73 ° C. Therefore, paths and sidewalks should be located no closer than 4 m from the building line. The optimal distance is 8-12 m.
The effectiveness of green space on the regulation of thermal conditions in the city is determined by the following basic conditions: green spaces must form a system that includes all types of green spaces (planting trees, shrubs, lawns), as each of them performs certain functions. The radius of the impact of green space on the surrounding buildings is negligible, so it is necessary that green spaces are introduced directly into the buildings. The best option is to place the building among the green spaces;
  the placement of green plantations in the form of rare oases, characteristic of old, already established cities, does not meet modern requirements;
  the area of ​​greenery in cities should be large enough, since in small squares and parks the temperature and air purity practically does not differ from the temperature and air purity of the adjacent urban areas;
density of trees and shrubs should provide shading at least 50% of the occupied territory.

6. Influence of green space on air humidity

When heated, the surface of the leaves of trees and shrubs evaporates a large amount of moisture into the air. So, one well-developed beech evaporates about 0.6 tons of water per day.
  If we take the relative humidity on the street equal to 100%, then in a residential quarter with landscaping the humidity will be 116%, on the boulevard -205%, in the park - 204%. An increase in humidity of 15% is perceived by the body as a decrease in temperature by 3.5 ° C.
  It is known that for evaporation of 1 liter of water, 600 mcal of heat is needed. Therefore, 1 ha of oak trees absorbs 15,600 kcal / day. This process helps to reduce the temperature in the lower layers of the crown by 3-5 ° C (compared with the ambient temperature).
  The increased air humidity from green spaces can spread to adjacent insolable open spaces.
  It has been established that the air humidity can increase by 30% in the zone separated from the green mass at a distance of 500 m. Even narrow tree-shrub belts (10.5 m) increase the air humidity by 8% compared to the open area at a distance of 600 m . Humidity regime among green spaces in hot weather is favorable, relaxed and does not have sharp fluctuations, as in exposed areas.

7. Effect of green space on wind formation

Green spaces contribute to airflow. This happens as follows. On hot days, the heated air of a city building rises, and in its place, colder air flows from the territory of greenery. Such air currents are formed with a temperature difference of at least 5 ° C and a pressure difference of at least 0.7 mm Hg. Art. Most often they occur on the outskirts of the city. On cold days, air currents are not created. The depth of penetration of air currents in urban development depends on its nature. With dense perimeter building, the air currents quickly weaken, with free building they penetrate deep into the city much further.

8. The value of green space in the fight against noise

Green spaces located between noise sources (highways, electric trains, etc.) and residential buildings, recreation areas and sports fields reduce the noise level by 5-10%. Crown deciduous trees absorb 26% of the incident sound energy. Well-developed shrub and tree species with a thick crown in a 30-40 m wide section can reduce noise levels by 17–23 dB, small squares and inter-quarter plantings with sparse trees - by 4–7 dB. Large forests reduce the noise levels of aircraft engines by 22-56% compared with open space at the same distance. The presence of grass cover also helps to reduce the level of 5-7 backgrounds.
  However, with the wrong arrangement of green space with respect to sound sources, you can get the opposite effect, i.e., to increase the noise level, where its reduction is required. This can occur when planting trees with a dense crown along the axis of the street with heavy traffic. In this case, green spaces will play the role of a screen reflecting sound waves towards residential buildings and recreation and sports sites.

Decorative planning functions of green space

reference Information